'Two Rivers Entangled' Book Cover

Two Rivers Entangled

An Ecological History of the Tigris and Euphrates in the Twentieth Century
Dale J. Stahl
January 2026
264 Pages
Hardcover ISBN: 9781503640177
Paperback ISBN: 9781503644731

During the twentieth century, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers underwent a profound physical transformation, one that mirrored the region's political shift from imperial rule to nation-state. Here, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey took shape in the wake of the Ottoman Empire, and the two rivers became sites of economic development planning and large-scale environmental engineering. It is a modern conceit that industrial, technological societies transcend ecological change, that technology and ecology operate separately. With this book, Dale J. Stahl instead centers riverine ecologies within the context of social and political projects and shows how natural processes encounter human intentions to manage, control, or modernize.

Weaving imperial and national histories with ecological ones, Two Rivers Entangled undermines familiar accounts of the invention of states, the advance of nations, and the triumphs of technical expertise. Stahl entangles a wide range of human and nonhuman actors—knitting together the movement of engineers and bureaucrats with that of salt particles, linking the disappointment of revolutionaries to the dissolution of unreliable rock, and following the flow of water over embankments and into poetry. Ultimately, this book offers an alternative account of twentieth-century Middle Eastern history, one subject as much to ecological change as to human visions and intentions.

"Dale Stahl's account of the Tigris and Euphrates crosses borders and breaks new ground in a connected history of Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. Elementally grounded and poetically conceived, Two Rivers Entangled traces people's dreams of transforming the waters, how the rivers defied these efforts, and what this has all meant for the politics of people living beside them."
—Samuel Dolbee, Vanderbilt University

"Two Rivers Entangled offers a far-reaching exploration of how the societies and biophysical systems of the Tigris-Euphrates are deeply bound together in conceptual, ideological, and material ways. This history of 'modern' rivers makes a superb meditation on complex biophysical, technical, and human networks and how these entanglements come into being."
—Christopher Sneddon, Dartmouth College

"Dale Stahl reimagines the history of Iraq and its wider region by placing at its center the two rivers from which the country was formed. The work of statesmen, armies, engineers, and poets tangled with riverine forces, he shows, and was entangled by them. An impressive retelling of the making of modern Iraq."
—Timothy Mitchell, Columbia University

Dale J. Stahl is Associate Professor of History at the University of Colorado Denver.